| Arabic Term | English Term | Literally English |
|---|---|---|
| 'Aks al-'Inah | Reverse ‘Inah | Literally: ‘inah is a loan. |
| 'aqd tauthiqiy | A guarantee contract | |
| 'ariyah | A beneficial contract in which the borrower enjoys the usufruct of an asset without fee | |
| 'umum al-nahyi | General prohibitions | |
| 'uqubah maliyyah | Financial penalty | |
| 'uqud tauthiqat | Plural of `aqd tauthiqiy | |
| 'urf al-iqtisadiyyah | Common practice in economic activities | |
| Ada' | Pay or Perform | Literally: to deliver or connect. Ada’ of a trust means to give it back to its owner. |
| Adl | Temperate | Literally: moderation in matters. |
| Afwu | Pardon | Literally: to leave alone; to erase. |
| Ahd | Covenant | Literally: directive, safeguard, and confirmed. |
| Ahliyah & Dhimmah | Legal Capacity & Liability | Legal Capacity & Liability |
| Ahliyyah | Legal Capacity | Literally: fitness to undertake something. |
| Ajal | Term | Literally: time limit; also, the time in which something occurs. |
| Ajir | Worker | -Worker |
| Ajr | Wage | Literally: reward given for a work or service. Allah says: “We would then have given them from Our presence a great reward.” Surah al-Nisa' (4):67. |
| Ajr al-Mithl | Reasonable Wage/Rent | -Reasonable Wage/Rent |
| Ajr Musamma | Stipulated Wage | Stipulated Wage |
| akhz al-ajr 'ala al-jah | Remuneration that is based on good name or good reputation | |
| al-'Adalah | Moderation | Literally: moderation, integrity, and balance. |
| al-Aqd al-mu'allaq | Conditional Contract | Literally: mu’allaq means attached to something. |
| al-Aqd al-mubham | Ambiguous Contract | Literally: ibham is what is difficult to perceive with the senses if it is physical and difficult to comprehend if it is a mental construct. |
| al-Aqd al-mudaf | Contract Appended [to the Future] | Literally: idafah is adding or relating one thing to another. |
| al-Aqd al-munjaz | Accomplished Contract | n/a |
| al-Aqid | Contractor | Literally: the active participle of ‘aqada, which was previously defined. |
| al-Bay' al-Munajjaz | Unconditional Sale | Literally: najiza means done and completed. |
| Al-Darurat Ad-Diniyyah | Religious Obligations | -Religious Obligations |
| al-Dayn al-hal | Current Debt | Literally: a debt, payment of which is due. |
| al-Dayn al-marju | Collectable Debt | Literally: raja' means hope, the opposite of despair. |
| Al-Dayn al-mu'ajjal | Deferred Debt | Literally: ajjala means to postpone, to put something off until a later time. |
| Al-Dayn al-mushtarak | Joint Debt | Literally: ishtirak means mixing two ownerships. |
| Al-Dayn al-mustaqirr | Confirmed Debt | Literally: istiqrar means stability. |
| Al-Dayn al-muwathaq | Secured Debt | Literally: muwathaq means confirmed, consolidated and stable. |
| Al-Dayn al-Sahih | Valid Debt | Literally: sahih means free from defects and diseases. |
| Al-Dayn ghayr al-marju | Doubtful Debt | n/a |
| Al-Dayn ghayr al-mushtarak or al-Dayn al-mustaqill | Independent Debt | n/a |
| Al-Dayn ghayr al-mustaqirr | Unconfirmed Debt | n/a |
| al-dayn ghayr al-sahih | Invalid Debt | n/a |
| al-ithra' bi la sabab | Effortless Enrichment | Literally: ithra’: to be in no need; derived from tharwah, an abundance of wealth. |
| al-kafalah al-mu'allaqah | Conditional Guarantee | n/a |
| al-kafalah al-mudafah | Guarantee Appended [to the Future] | n/a |
| al-kafalah al-munjazah | Expedited Guarantee Warrant | n/a |
| al-kafalah bi al-taslim | Guarantee of Delivery | Literally: taslim is delivery while tasallum is receipt. |
| al-Kafil | Guarantor | n/a |
| al-Kafilah | Guarantee | Literally: kafalah is assurance, its original meaning is related to joining and commitment. |
| al-kali bi al-kali | Bilaterally Deferred Sale | Literally: is credit, loan, and deferral. |
| al-khiyar al-hukmi | Judgment Option | n/a |
| al-ma'qud 'alayhi | Basis of Contract | n/a |
| al-madin | Debtor | n/a |
| al-makful 'anhu | The Guaranteed Person | n/a |
| al-makful bihi | What is Used as Guaranteed | n/a |
| al-makful lahu | Beneficiary of the Guarantee | n/a |
| al-Mal al- istihlaki | Consumable Wealth | n/a |
| al-Mal al-'amm | Public Wealth | n/a |
| al-Mal al-halal | Lawful Wealth | n/a |
| al-Mal al-haram | Illicit Wealth | n/a |
| al-Mal al-isti'mali | Wealth That Is Not Consumable | n/a |
| al-Mal al-khas | Private Wealth | n/a |
| al-Mal al-mahjur | Legally Restricted Wealth | Literally: hajr is to surround something and deny access to it. |
| al-Mal al-mushtarak | Jointly Owned Wealth | n/a |
| al-Mal al-mustaqill | Independently Owned Wealth | n/a |
| al-Mal al-nami | Growing Wealth | Literally: nama is an increase. |
| al-Mal halal mukhtalit bi almal al-haram | Lawful Wealth Mixed with Unlawful Wealth | n/a |
| al-Rahn | Pledge | The Arabic word means to withhold |
| Al-Salam | Delivery | The Arabic word means to advance. |
| Al-Sawm 'ala sawm al-Ghayr | Intervening To Outbid | -Intervening To Outbid |
| Al-Shirkat fi al-bay' | Partnership in Sale | n/a |
| Al-Takfil | The Act of Warrantee | n/a |
| al-Uqud al-Asliyyah | Principal Contracts | n/a |
| al-Uqud al-Musammah | Named Contracts | n/a |
| al-Uqud al-Tab'iyyah | Subordinate Contracts | n/a |
| al-Uqud ghayr al-Musammah | Unnamed Contract | n/a |
| al-wa'd bi al-bai' | Promise to sell | |
| al-wa'd bi al-syira' | Promise to buy | |
| Al-Wakalah | Agency | Literally: to depend upon someone else in one’s affairs; to guard, take care of guarantee |
| Al-Wakalah al-'ammah | General Agency | n/a |
| Al-wakalah al-khassah | Limited Agency | n/a |
| Al-wakalah al-muqayyadah | Restricted Agency | n/a |
| Al-wakalah al-mutlaqah | Unrestricted Agency | n/a |
| Al-wakil al-musakhar | Agency by Default | Literally: the root meaning of taskhir is to humiliate and demean. A derived meaning is to put someone to work without pay. |
| Al-waqf al-ahli | Private Endowment | n/a |
| Al-waqf al-khayri | Charitable Endowment | n/a |
| Amal | Work | Literally: vocation, action and authority; in Arabic it includes acts of the heart as well as those of the limbs. It is used for what is done with thought and deliberation. |
| Amanah | Trust | Literally: a verbal noun/infinitive meaning: to feel secure and serene. It was then used to refer to something made secure. |
| Amanah & Wadi'ah | Trust & Deposit | Trust & Deposit |
| Aqar | Real Estate | all fixed property, such as land, a house, a country estate. |
| Aqd | Contract | Literally: ‘aqada means to tightly bind, knot, combine, make stable and permanent. |
| Aqd al-mawquf & Aqd Mukhayyar fihi | Suspended & Optional contracts | n/a |
| Aqd al-Mu'allaq & Aqd al-Mudaf | Contingent & Prospective Contracts | n/a |
| Aqd Fasid & Aqd mukhayyar fihi | Invalid contract & contract by option of cancellation | n/a |
| Araya | pl. of ‘ariyyah | Literally: ‘ariyyah is what is separated by itself, and what is separated from sale. |
| Araya & Hibat | Loan for Use & Gifts | n/a |
| arbun | Down payment | |
| Ard | Commodity | Literally: a baggage or commercial good. Everything is an ‘ard except money, which is called ‘ayn. |
| Ariyah & Wadi'ah | Loan & Deposit | n/a |
| Ata' | Grant | Literally: giving; or what is given. |
| Awarid al-ahliyyah | Legal Competence Impediments | Literally: ‘awarid (pl. of ‘arid or ‘aridah): the opposite of the basic situation and what is established; ahliyah: suitability and sufficiency for a given matter. |
| Awl | Adjustment in Inherited Shares | Literally: increase and rise. |
| Ayb | Defect | Literally: a change that affects the basic nature and quality of something. |
| Ayn | Corporeal | Literally: wealth that is ready and at hand, cash and gold in general. |
| Ba'i | the seller | -The Seller |
| Badal | Compensation | Literally: a substitute of one thing for another. |
| bai' 'inah | 1. contract of sale and purchase of an asset whereby the seller sells to buyer in cash and subsequently buys back the asset at a marked up deferred price. 2. contract of sale and purchase of an asset whereby the seller sells to buyer at a deferred price and subsequently buys back at a lower cash price. | |
| bai' al-kali bi al-kali' | Sale of debt for a debt | |
| bai' al-murabahah li al-amir bi al-syira' | Murabahah to the purchase orderer | |
| Bai' bithaman ajil | A contract of sale and purchase of an asset in which the payment of price is preferred and paid in instalment within an agreed period of time. The selling price includes profit. | |
| Bai' murawadhah | Refer bai' mu'athah | |
| Bai' mu`athahBai' mu'athah | A contract of sale and purchase of an asset in which the contracting parties agreed on the exchange of the asset and the price without verbal or written ijab and qabul. | |
| bai' salam | Salam means a contract in which advance payment is made for goods to be delivered later on. The seller undertakes to supply some specific goods to the buyer at a future date in exchange of an advance price fully paid at the time of contract | |
| bai' wafa' | A conditional contract of sale and purchase on an asset in which the buyer would return the asset to the seller if the seller refund the price to the buyer. | |
| Bakhs | Shortchanging | Literally: to undervalue something unjustly. Allah, the Exalted, says: ﴿وَلاَ تَبْخَسُواْ النَّاسَ أَشْيَاءهُمْ﴾ “And do not withhold things justly due to people” Surah al-A’raf (7):85, Surah Yunus (11):85, and Surah al-Shu’ara’ (26):183. Ibn al-’Arabi said the word means to cheat by finding fault or under- or overvaluing or by increasing or decreasing the measure. |
| Bay' 'ala bay' al-ghayr | Third Party Intervention in Sale Negotiations | n/a |
| Bay' al-'araya | An Exceptional Contract for Barter in Dates | Literally: 'araya is the plural of the Arabic word 'uryah, which refers to a palm tree whose dates are given to a needy person for a fixed period of time. |
| Bay' al-bara' | As-Is Sale | Literally: al-bara' means to get out of something or leave it. |
| Bay' al-dayn bil dayn | Sale of Debt for Debt | Literally: dayn is any future liability. A debt is an obligation or liability incurred by a person as a result of an exchange contract or loan or by causing damage to the property of others property whether in the form of money or something else. |
| Bay' al-Fuduli & Hibat al-Fuduli | Sale by an unauthorized agent and Gift | n/a |
| Bay' al-hadir lil badi | The Sale of a City-Dweller on Behalf of a Bedouin | Literally: al-hadir is a resident of a city or a village, while al-badi (Bedouin) is a desert dweller. |
| Bay' al-hasah | Random Sale | Literally: al-hasah means a pebble. |
| Bay' al-ikhtiyar | Optional Sale | Literally: al-ikhtiyar means selecting or choosing. |
| Bay' al-istighlal | Sale of Usufruct | Literally: al-istighlal: taking advantage of something e.g., its yield. Yield (al-ghallah) is the income from crops, fruit, milk, proceeds of leasing and offspring of livestock. |
| Bay' al-istijrar | Supply Sale | Literally: al-istijrar means to pull. |
| Bay' al-khiyar | Sale with Option | Literally: khiyar (option) is the noun derived from ikhtiyar (the act of choosing); e.g., the option of proceeding with a sale or withdrawing from it. |
| Bay' al-mu'amalah | Ostensible Sale | n/a |
| Bay' al-mudtarr | Sale under Duress | Literally: udturra means compelled. |
| Bay' al-murasalah | Sale by Correspondence | Literally: correspondence sale. |
| Bay' al-muwasafah | Sale According to Attributes | Literally: wasf is a description. |
| Bay' al-naqd | Cash Sale | Literally: naqada al-darahim means to give cash, intaqada al-darahim means to receive it. |
| Bay' al-nasi'ah | Deferred-Payment Sale | Literally: al-nasi' and al-nasi'ah both refer to deferral or postponement. |
| Bay' al-raja' | Sale with Repurchase Option Exercisable during a Fixed Period | Literally: al-raja' means hope and expectation; the opposite of despair. |
| Bay' al-talji'ah | Pre-emptive Sale | Literally: talji'ah is derived from ilja', to compel. |
| Bay' al-wadi'ah | Sale at a Loss | Literally: al-wadi'ah means decrease and diminishment. |
| Bay' al-wafa' | Redemption Sale | Literally: loyalty (al-wafa') is the antonym of treachery. |
| Bay' al-wafa' & Bay' al-talji'ah | Redemption Sale & Pre-emptive Sale | n/a |
| Bay' bil-raqam | Code/ Catalogue sale | Literally: al-raqam means a mark, written or otherwise, placed on something in orderto distinguish it from other things. |
| Bay' bil-sifah | Sale by Description | Also called al-bay' 'ala al-sifah. Literally: al-sifah means characteristic or quality. |
| Bay' bil-ta'ati | Hand-to-Hand/Face -to -face Sale | Literally: ta'ati means to take. |
| Bay' bil-unmudhaj | Sale by Sample | Literally: unmudhaj or namudhaj is a representative part of something or an illustrative/ demonstration model. |
| Bay' dirab al-jamal | Breeding Contract | Literally: dirab al-jamal means camel sperm. |
| Bay'& Tijarah | Sale & Trade | n/a |
| Bay', Hibbah & Wasiyah | Sale, Gift & Testament | n/a |
| Bayt al-Mal | Public Treasury | Literally: bayt: originally, the place humans stay; later, any place in which something is kept came to be called its bayt. |
| Bayya' | Broker | Literally: an intensive form of ba'i' (seller) which means that the person sells frequently and repeatedly. |
| Bida'ah | Merchandise | Literally: wealth used for trade; derived from bada'a: to cut; it is as if the merchantdetached a portion of his wealth for purposes of trade. |
| Buyu' al-ajal | Time-Specific Sale | Literally: ajal means future periods. |
| Da' wa ta'ajjal | Taking Less for Hastening | n/a |
| Dakhl | Income | Literally: revenue that a person gains from his wealth; for example, what he gains from his real estate or business. The opposite of dakhl is kharj: outflow of funds, expenditure. The plural of dakhl is dukhul or madakhil. |
| Daman | Guarantee | Literally: daman: to put something into something that contains it. Standing surety is derived from this meaning because the guarantor encompasses the obligor’s liability and adds it to his own. |
| Daman al-'aqd | Guarantee of Contract | n/a |
| Daman al-'Aqd & daman al-Itilaf | Guarantee of contract & guarantee of destruction | n/a |
| Daman al-'uhdah | Guarantee of Contractual Obligation | Linguistically: ‘uhdah is the document used to record transactions for referral in case of confusion. |
| Daman al-a'yan | Asset Insurance | n/a |
| Daman al-darak | Money-Back Guarantee | Literally: dark or darak: responsibility or liability after the fact. |
| Daman al-istihqaq | Guarantee of Entitlement | n/a |
| Daman al-itlaf | Liability for Damage | n/a |
| Daman al-suq | Market Assurance | n/a |
| Daman al-talab | Location Guarantee | n/a |
| Daman al-wajh | Guarantee of Appearance | n/a |
| Daman al-yad | Liability for Damage to Property in One’s Possession | Literally: liability of the hand. |
| Darar | Damage, harm | The Arabic word means harm as opposed to what is beneficial and it means to harm someone. |
| Daribah | Tax | n/a |
| Darurah | Necessity | n/a |
| Dayn | Debt | Literally: dayn is any future liability on a person, without it being in any particularform, money or something else. |
| Dayn & Qard | Debt & Loan | n/a |
| Dayn al-'abd | Human Debt | n/a |
| Dayn al-Mustaqill & Dayn Mushtarak | Independent & jointly owned debts | n/a |
| Dayn Allah | The Debt Due to Allah | n/a |
| dhaman | A contract of guarantee in which one party guarantees the fulfillment of a claim or performance of an obligation which is due to another party in a case of default. Synonim: kafalah. | |
| Dhari'ah | Pretext | Literally: the Arabic word refers to ‘means’ and cause. |
| Dhimmah | liability | Literally: the Arabic word means agreement and pact between free non -Muslims under Muslim rule: regarded as under an agreement or pact with the Muslim government in respect of their rights and duties. |
| dho' wa ta'ajjal | An arrangement in which the creditor reduces the amount of debt due to early settlement of debt by the debtor. | |
| Di'f | Multiply | Lexically and technically the term means to double a thing by multiplication; the double of one is two and of two is four etc. |
| Dilalah | Brokerage | Literally: the Arabic word means an intermediary arrangement between a buyer and a seller. |
| Fa'idah | Interest | Literally: benefit taken, whether of knowledge or wealth. |
| Fahish | Exorbitant | Literally: very ugly deeds or statements, and whatever exceeds the limits. |
| Faqir | Destitute | Literally: poverty (faqr) is a cleft in something; and a faqir is a person with a broken vertebra. |
| Fard | Obligation | Literally: obligation, imposition, estimation and decisiveness. |
| Fasad | Invalidity | Literally: corruption. |
| Faskh | Revocation | Literally: removal, elimination, invalidation, and separation. |
| Faskh al-dayn fi al-dayn | Debt revocation | n/a |
| fiqh muamalat | Islamic law of contract | |
| Fuduli | Interloper | Literally: one who busies himself with things that are none of his business. |
| Fulus | Pennies | Literally: pl. of fils, the lowest value of coin. |
| Ghala' | Price Escalation | Literally: rising and exceeding the limits in anything. |
| Ghaliq al-rahn or ghalaq al-rahn | Mortgage Closure | Literally: ghalaq is to lock, its root meaning is blockage and shutting; rahn is permanence and continuity. |
| Ghallah | Yield | Literally: the return from land and the like. |
| Gharamah | Fine | Literally: what must be paid. |
| Gharar | Deception | Literally: risk; its original meaning is reduction; it is what is pleasant on the surface but unpleasant underneath. |
| Gharar & Jahalah | Uncertainty & Ignorance | n/a |
| Gharim | Creditor/Debtor | Literally: the term is used for both the one who owes a debt and the one to whom it is owed. |
| ghasb | Forfeiture | |
| ghayah | Aim or goal | |
| Ghina | Affluence | Literally: wealth sufficient for needs and comfort. |
| Ghish | Deception | Literally: deceit; when one does not give sincere advice and makes fair-seeming to someone what is not to their benefit, or to show other than what was really intended. |
| Ghulul | Misappropriation | Literally: breach of trust, and taking something secretly. |
| Ghurm | Loss | Literally: debt; loss, to pay what is required. |
| Ha'un wa ha' | Spot Possession | n/a |
| Habs | Detention | Literally: prevention and withholding of something; the opposite of release (takhliyah) and setting free (itlaq). |
| Hadiyyah | present | Literally: what is given to a person one loves. |
| Hajah & Darurah | Necessity & Compulsion | n/a |
| Hajah asliyyah | Basic Need | Literally: hajah: requirement; also anything whose acquisition is intended, such as goods and usufruct. It is derived from ihtiyaj: pressing requirement. Its plurals are hajat and hawa'ij. It appears in the statement of Allah, the Exalted: “…and that you may satisfy by their means a need that is in your breasts” Surah al- Ghafir (40):80. |
| Hajr | Interdiction | Literally: to prevent, without qualification, e.g., to prevent someone from acting. |
| Halak | Destruction | Destruction (halak) p304 |
| halal | Permissible | |
| Hamalah mutaraqqabah | Anticipated Undertaking | Literally: taraqqub: expectation and anticipation; to look to the time of something’s |
| hamish jiddiyyah | Security deposit; certain amount of money will be taken from a party, who places an order to purchase, as a security for his promise. | |
| Haraj | Hardship | Literally: narrowness and closeness; la haraj: no objection. Allah, the Exalted said: ﴿مَا يُرِيدُ ا لِيَجْعَلَ عَلَيْكُم مِّنْ حَرَجٍ﴾ “Allah does not wish to place you in difficulty” Surah al-Ma’idah (5):6. Haraj means sin. The link in meaning is that sin causes constriction for the sinner. |
| Haraj & Darurah | Discomfiture & Compulsion | n/a |
| Haraj & Mashaqqah | Severity & Hardship | n/a |
| haram lighoirih | Forbidden due to a factor | |
| haram lizatihi | Inherently forbidden | |
| Hatitah | Discount | Literally: from hatta: to lower or put down; it can be physical, like putting down baggage, or abstract, as in lowering a price. |
| Hawalah | Debt Transfer | Literally: derived from tahwil: to shift something from one place to another; thereflexive form, tahawwala, means to move oneself from one place to another. |
| Hawalah & Ibra' | Assignment of Debt & Acquittal from debt | n/a |
| Hawalah muqayyadah | Conditional Debt Transfer | n/a |
| Hawalah mutlaqah | Unconditional Debt Transfer | n/a |
| Hazz | Share | Literally: lot or share (pl.: huzuz). In the Qur’an, the ignorant said about Qarun: ﴿إنه لذو حظ عظيم﴾ “Indeed, he is one of great fortune” Surah al-Qasas (28):79 |
| hibah | An act of transfering of ownership of an asset or usufruct without an exchange of counter value during the lifetime of the transferor | |
| hibah al-'umra | Hibah which is contingent to the lifetime of either the one who makes the gift or the receipient. | |
| hibah al-ruqba | A conditional hibah stipulated by the one who makes the gift, where the receipient will own the gift upon the death of the former | |
| hibah manfaat | Refer `ariyah | |
| Hibbah | Gift | Literally: to give something to another without compensation, whether the thing is wealth or not. |
| Hibbat al-thawab | Gift for Consideration | n/a |
| Hifz | Preservation | Literally: to maintain, care for, and safeguard from danger; hifz al-'ahd, keepinga promise; hifz al-mal: preserving wealth from things that threaten it with destruction. |
| Hifz al-mal | Preservation of Wealth | n/a |
| Hilah | Stratagem | Literally: cleverness and astuteness in handling and discharging matters by secretmethods. The plural is hiyal. One who uses a stratagem is called muhtal. |
| Hilah & Dhari'ah | Stratagem & Pretext or Legal Devices | n/a |
| Himayah | Protection | Literally: to protect from evil and harm. It is said that a place is under someone’s himayah if he defends it so that no one can approach it. |
| Hirz | Safe Place for Property | Literally: a place to keep something safe; a related word is taharraza: to be wary, i.e.,to safeguard oneself from something. |
| Hirz al-mithl | Compatible Safe Place for Property | n/a |
| Hissah sha'i'ah | Diffused Share | Literally: hissah (pl. hisas): a share, what one deserves of a thing; sha'i'ah: diffused,spread out; khabar sha'i'ah: a widespread piece of news. |
| Hiyazah | Possession | Literally: to collect and gather. |
| Hukm al-'aqd | Legal Implication of Contract | n/a |
| Hulul | To Be Immediately Due | Literally: among the various meanings of hulul: a person’s arrival and descent at a specific place and, thus, it means to occupy a location. The place occupied is known as the mahall. It is used figuratively for maturity of a debt; i.e., its payment date has arrived. |
| Huquq al-'aqd | Contractual Rights | n/a |
| I'dam | Impoverishment | Literally: derived from ‘adam: lack of something; it is commonly used for a lack of wealth; a’dama: to lose wealth; become poor. |
| I'dam, I'sar & Iflas | Poverty, Insolvency & Bankruptcy | n/a |
| I'sar | Financial Difficulty | Literally: from ‘usr: hardship and discomfort. A mu’sir is a person in financial hardship. |
| I'ta' | Granting | Literally: i’ta’ refers to giving and taking. Something given is called ‘ata’ or ‘atiyyah. The common use of i’ta’ is to give a gift. |
| I'timan | Trust | Literally: trust; confidence in someone. |
| Ibahah | Permission | Literally: the opposite of prohibition; unqualified permission to do or not to do. Inusul al-fiqh, it is a statement from the Lawgiver concerning the acts of those morally responsible, giving them a choice. |
| Ibahah & Hill | Neutral Permissibility & Lawfulness | n/a |
| Ibahah & Takhyir | Permissibility & Free Will | n/a |
| Ibahah & Tamlik | Permissibility & Alienation of Property | n/a |
| Ibda' | Merchandise, offering for sale | Literally: from bad': part of something; a trader's merchandise (bida'ah) is part of his property; tabdi': to divide something into parts; badi': an importer of goods. |
| Ibda' & Qirad | Merchandise & Profit-Sharing | n/a |
| Ibra' | Discharge | Literally: from bara'ah: to be free, exonerated, dissociated from. |
| Ibra' 'amm | General Discharge | n/a |
| Ibra' khass | Special Discharge | n/a |
| Ibtal | Voiding | Literally: to remove something; to rule that something is void. |
| Ibtida' al-dayn bi al-dayn | Simultaneous Debt-for-Debt Sale | n/a |
| Iddikhar | Savings | Literally: to preserve, protect and prepare something for the time of need. |
| Iddikhar & Ihtikar | Saving & Hoarding | n/a |
| Idhn | Permission | Literally: originally: to know; to inform. Allah, the Exalted, says: “Be informed (fa’dhan) of a war from Allah and His Messenger.” It is more widely used to mean: to grant permission Ibn al-Kamal said, “Permission means to release someone from legal interdiction and give them free disposal. |
| Idhn & Ijazah | Permission & Ratification | n/a |
| Idrak | To Reach | Literally: something reaches something else; adrakat al-thimar: the fruits reached maturity; i.e., ripened and adraka al-thaman al-mushtari, i.e. the price has become obligatory on the buyer. |
| Idtirar | Pressing Need | Literally: to be in severe need of something. |
| Iflas | Bankruptcy | Literally: that a person runs short of money; it can also be used for running out of money (and wealth) totally. |
| Ifqar | Lend an Animal for Riding | Literally: to lend a camel to ride or transport cargo. It is derived from faqar: spine. |
| Ihraz | Safekeeping | Literally: to gather, to preserve and to prevent. A related term is hirz: a place ofsafekeeping for something. |
| Ihraz & Hiyazah | Preservation & Possession | n/a |
| Ihtikar | Monopoly | Literally: to hoard and monopolize something. |
| Ihtiyaj | Need | Literally: ihtiyaj and hajah both refer to urgent need and necessity, as in the statement of Allah, the Exalted: “…that you may, through them, attain to any need in your hearts…” Surah al-Ghafir (40): 80. |
| Ihtiyal | Legal Stratagem | Literally: ihtiyal: to employ clever means to secure benefit and prevent harm. |
| Ijab & Wujub | Obligation & Obligatory | n/a |
| ijarah | Lease | Literally: the reward given for service rendered |
| Ijarah & Bay' | Lease & Sale | n/a |
| Ijarah & I'arah | Lease & Loan for Temporary Use | n/a |
| Ijarah & Istisna' | Lease & Manufacturing | n/a |
| Ijarah & Ja'alah | A lease & Job Wages | n/a |
| Ijarah & Kira' | Lease & Rent | n/a |
| Ijarah & Musaqah | Lease & Contract for Watering Trees | n/a |
| Ijarah & Muzar'ah | Lease & Sharecropping | n/a |
| Ijarah & Sukhrah | Lease & Unpaid Labour | n/a |
| Ijarah lazimah | Binding Lease | n/a |
| Ijarah mu'allaqah | Contingent Lease | n/a |
| Ijarah mudafah | A Lease Effective at a Future Date | n/a |
| Ijarah munajjazah | Immediately Effective Lease | Literally: from injaz: acceleration. |
| Ijarah tawilah | Long-Term Lease | n/a |
| ijarah thumma al-bai' | A contract of lease which subsequently followed by a sale contract. | |
| Ijarat al-dhimmah | Lease of Liability | n/a |
| ijmak | Consensus of Islamic scholars and jurist | |
| ijtihad | Reasoning by qualified Shariah scholars to obtain Shariah rulings from the sources of Shariah | |
| Ijza' | Satisfaction | Literally: contentment, satisfaction with something. |
| Ikhbal | Lending to Ride | Literally: to lend camels or sheep for the use of their hair, wool, milk and other benefits. It is frequently used to mean lending a camel to ride or a horse to use in jihad. Some said: a man divides his camel herd into two halves, with one half each year being devoted to reproduction, as is done with farmland. |
| Ikhlaf | Breach of Promise | Literally: derived from khalafa: to change, ikhlaf of a promise is failure to fulfill it. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “The signs of a hypocrite are three: when he talks he lies, when he makes a promise he breaks it, and whenever he is entrusted he betrays.” |
| Ikhtilas | Embezzlement | Literally: to quickly take away others’ property when they are unaware. |
| Ikhtilas & Sariqah | Embezzlement & Theft | n/a |
| ikhtisas | Exclusive Right | Literally: means to take exclusive possession of something. |
| Ikhtiyar | Choice | Literally: inclination, preference and selection. It is said that you choose something when you incline to it, prefer it and select it. |
| Ikhtiyar & khiyar | Choice & Option | n/a |
| Ikhtiyar & Rida | Choice & Consent | n/a |
| Ikrah | Coercion | Literally: to force someone to do something. |
| Ilja' | Coercion | Literally: to compel or force. |
| Ilja', Idtirar & Ikrah | Duress, Compulsion & Coercion | n/a |
| illah | Legal effective cause | |
| Iltizam | Commitment | Literally: derived from lazima: to constantly adhere to something. Lazimahu mal means that a person has a financial obligation. |
| Iltizam & Luzum | Obligation & Binding | n/a |
| Iltizam al-ma'ruf | A Pledge to Do Good | n/a |
| Ilzam & Iltizam | Imposition & Obligation | n/a |
| Imda' | Ratification | Literally: to endorse and make enforceable. |
| Imta' | To Give a Benefit | Literally: to take benefit from something for a period; also, to grant someone usufruct. |
| Imtiyaz | Concession | Literally: Form VIII derivation of maza: to separate one thing from another; to distinguish one thing from another. Imtaza: to be distinguished or to distinguish oneself. Allah, the Exalted, said: ﴿وَامْتَازُوا الْيَوْمَ أَ اُّهيَ ا جْملُْرِمُونَ﴾ “O you in sin! Get apart (imtazu) this Day!” Surah Ya Sin (36):59. |
| In'iqad | Conclusion | Literally: derived from ‘aqada: to tie a knot. It is used abstractly to indicate that something is complete and its “loose ends” are “tied up”. |
| Inabah | Deputation | Literally: 1) to return; 2) to delegate someone to act as one’s representative; na’ib: a representative or proxy. |
| Inah | Sale and Repurchase | Literally: an option to something, delayed payment and loan. |
| Infadh | Execution | Literally: Form IV derivation of nafadha: to pass from one thing to another. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “Treating one’s parents well is by asking forgiveness for them and carrying out (infadh) their instructions”, i.e. to execute their bequests. It is also used to mean the sending, of a letter, for instance, or a messenger. |
| Infaq | Expenditure | Literally: from nufuq: to be used up, run out. When used with a horse, for instance, it refers to its death; when used with money it means it has been spent. Anfaqa: to spend. |
| Infisakh | Contract Dissolution | Literally: Form VII derivation of fasakha: to annul; infasakha: to be annulled. |
| Infisakh & Intiha' | Cancellation & Expiration | n/a |
| Inqita' | Expiration | Literally: inavailability; Form VII derivation of qata’a: to cut, to separate a part from the whole; i.e., it is the effect of cutting off a flow, etc. |
| Insaf | Equity | Literally: fairness and giving the other party his right. The term is used because it means that the fair person treats the other party as he treats himself with regard to a right, so that each of them has half (nisf) of it. |
| Insaf & 'Adl | Equality & Justice | n/a |
| Intaj | Production | Literally: antajat al-naqah: a she-camel’s pregnancy has become clear and delivery is imminent. |
| Intifa' | Utilization | Literally: to take benefit (naf’) from something. manfa’ah: usufruct. |
| Intisaf | To Seek One’s Right | Literally: intasafah: to seek justice (nasafah) or to seek one’s right from another. Also, to reach the halfway point; derived from nisf (half). |
| Inzal | Increment | Literally: inzal: to send down; to move something from a high place to a low one. Nuzul, with reference to a right, means to relinquish it. Nuzl: increment or increase resulting from a thing; the plural is anzal. |
| Inzar | Respite | Literally: to delay and give respite. Allah, the Exalted, said:“Grant him time till it is easy for him to repay” Surah al-Baqarah (2):280. |
| Inzar & Imhal | Waiting & Negligent | n/a |
| Iqalah | Cancellation | Literally: to remove and eliminate. In contracts, it means to revoke the contract. |
| Iqta' | Land Grant | Literally: iqtata’a: to give something to someone, so he becomes its owner or has the right to its usufruct. The thing that is given is called qati’ah. |
| Iqta' and Ihya' al-Mawat | Feudal system and Cultivation of virgin land | n/a |
| Iqtida' | Requirement | Literally: iqtada, also taqada: to ask the debtor to pay his debts; to take one’s right from someone. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “May Allah have mercy on a person for being lenient when he sells, buys and asks his right.” |
| Iqtina' | Acquisition | Literally: to possess something for use not for sale or trade. An item possessed with this intention is called qunyah. |
| Iqtisad | Economy | Literally: from qasd: moderation and prudence; to do something with neither excess nor negligence; also, accumulation. |
| Iqtiyat | Sustenance | Literally: to consume food (qut) that sustains the human body. |
| Ir | Pack Animals | Literally: camels that carry provisions. |
| Iradah | Will | Literally: intention, seeking and choice. Al-Jurjani defined it as “inclination toward something because it is believed to be beneficial.” |
| Iradah munfaridah | Unilateral Intention | n/a |
| Irsad & Hukr | Covered fund & Monopoly | n/a |
| Irtifaq | Facilities/Amenities | Literally: derived from rifq (mildness): to agree and to approach without violence; irtafaqa: to lean against something to take rest. Anything which provides comfort or convenience is a mirfaq (pl. marafiq). Allah, the Exalted, said: “Your Lord will spread for you of His mercy and will prepare for you comfort in your plight.” Surah al-Kahf (18):16. |
| Ishrak | Taking on a Partner | Literally: to take a partner. Allah, the Exalted, says: ﴿وَأَ كْرشِْهُ أَمْرِي﴾ “And make him share my task.” Surah Ta Ha (20):32 i.e., make him a partner with me in this matter. |
| Islah | Restoration | Literally:the Arabic word means reconciliation between people removal alienation between them. |
| Isqat | Relinquishment of a Right | Literally: to throw or cast something; isqat al-janin (literally: to cast the fetus) refers to abortion. Casting may be used in a non-physical sense, as in giving up one’s right. One can also say an obligation drops away (usqita) from someone. |
| Isqatat | Contracts of Relinquishment | n/a |
| Isti'man | Trust | Literally: to seek security. |
| Istibdal | Substitution | Literally: to put something in place of something else. |
| Istidanah | Indebtedness | Literally: to seek a debt. |
| Istifa' | Fulfillment | Literally: wafa’: completion; kaylun wafin: full measure. istifa’: to seek completion; also, to seek one’s right in full. |
| Istighlal | Yield | Literally: to seek yield from an asset; e.g. the harvest of a farm or rental of a house. In this sense it is synonymous with investment. |
| Istiham | Drawing Lots | Literally: istahama: to cast lots; sahm: a share. Allah, the Exalted, said: ﴿فَسَاهَمَ فَكَانَ مِنَ ا دْملُْحَضِينَ﴾ “He [agreed to] cast lots and was of those rejected” Surat al-Saffat (37): 141. |
| Istihlak | Consumption | Literally: istihlak has two meaning: 1) exposure to ruin. 2) to finish something off. |
| Istihlak & Itlaf | Consumption & Damage | n/a |
| istihqaq | Entitlement | Literally: to be deserving of a right. |
| istihsan | Juristic preferences, disregarding a ruling backed by a dalil (proof) and resort to another ruling that is sounder | |
| Istijrar & Ta'ati | Supply Sale & Nonverbal Sale | n/a |
| Istila' | Occupancy | Literally: to take or seize control of something. |
| Istila' & Ghasb | Appropriation & Usurpation | n/a |
| Istila' & Ihraz | Appropriation & Preservation | n/a |
| Istila', Hiyazah & Qabd | Appropriation, Possession & Taking Possession | n/a |
| Istinad | Support | Literally: to gather things in order to lean against them. |
| istinbat al-ahkam | Derivation of Shariah rulings from the main sources of Shariah. | |
| Istiqalah | Resignation | Literally: to request cancellation; iqalah of a sale means to cancel the contract. |
| istiqra' | Meticulous and comprehensive reading and understanding of an issue in order to derive Shariah rulings | |
| istiqrar ta'amul | Stability of trade. | |
| Istirdad | Restitution | Literally: to ask for something back. |
| istishab | Maintaining the continuity of an established legal rule in the absence of any evidence showing otherwise. | |
| istisna | An order sale used mainly in financing assets that are under construction | |
| Istisna' | Manufacturing Contract | Literally: a request to have something manufactured. |
| Istithmar | Investment | Literally: to seek fruit (thamarah); thamarah is used metaphorically to refer to children and earned wealth; thammara: to increase wealth. |
| Itawah | Taxes | Literally: itawah encompasses bribery, land tax (kharaj) and taxes in general. Some said: whatever is taken from its owners without their consent. |
| Itlaf | To Damage | Literally: talaf: damage to or destruction of something; itlaf: to cause damage. |
| Itlaf & Talaf | Destruction and Damage | n/a |
| Itlaf bi al-mubasharah | Direct Damage | n/a |
| Itlaf bi al-tasabbub | Indirect Damage | n/a |
| Itlaq | Release | Literally: to launch or release; to impose no restrictions or qualifications. |
| Itlaqat | Contracts of Authorization | n/a |
| Ittihad al-majlis | Unity of Contract Session | Literally: majlis: a place to sit; it can be used metaphorically to refer to people who sit together. |
| Iwad | Compensation | Literally: compensation. |
| Ja'ihah | Calamity | Literally: a great disaster afflicting wealth; for instance frost or excessive heat that destroys a fruit crop. Calamities are divided into two types: 1) acts of God in which humans play no role; 2) those caused by humans, such as the ravages of an invading army. The Prophet (peace be upon him) gave orders for wad’ al-ja’ihah. That means that zakah should not be taken from the yield of a crop beset by a calamity. It also means that the seller should not take compensation from the buyer for what gets destroyed by a calamity. In one narration he said, “If you were to sell fruit to your brother and it is then beset by a calamity, it is not lawful for you to take anything from him. How can you take the right of your brother without justification?” Jurists agree that both zakah and the counter-value are to be waived for a fruit crop beset by a natural disaster. Malikis ruled that if it is widely known about any type of disaster that it cannot be averted, whether it is natural or caused by humans, the same law applies. |
| Ja'izah | Prize | Literally and Technically: something given as compensation, or it may be given to honor someone, such as a guest. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Honor (ajizu) delegations as I have done.” The basic rule for rewards is that they are permissible unless external illegal factors are mixed with them, such as usury, uncertainty or gambling. Prizes provided by a third party to competitors in a contest are legal, but if the competitors themselves contribute to a prize that one of them will win, this is considered gambling and is prohibited. |
| Ja'izah, Mukafa'ah & Ujrah | Reward, Bonus & Wage | n/a |
| Jahalah | Ignorance | Literally: lack of knowledge about something. |
| Jawaz al-'aqd | Contract Permissibility | Literally: jawaz is acceptance and validity. That a contract is permitted (ja'iz) meansit has been executed and concluded correctly. |
| Ji'alah | Wage Contract | Literally: compensation given for a service |
| Jibayah | Tax Collection | Literally: to collect and gather; it can be used for collecting zakah. |
| Jidah | Affluence | Literally: derived from wujud: literally, existence, but also, wealth; wajid: wealthy. |
| Jihat al-waqf | Endowment Recipient | n/a |
| Ju'l | Remuneration for a Task | Literally: compensation for a given service. |
| Juhud | Denial | Literally: to deny what one knows to be true. Allah, the Exalted, said: ﴿وَجَحَدُوا اِهبَ وَاسْتَيْقَنَتْهَا أَنفُسُهُمْ﴾ “And they rejected [those signs] in iniquity and arrogance, though their souls acknowledged them” Surah al-Naml (27):14. A denier is called jahid, while the matter being denied is majhud. |
| jumhur fukaha | Majority of scholars | |
| Juzaf | Sale of Unmeasured Foodstuff | Literally: to take a lot of something; originally, a Persian word; jazf: something of unknown weight or volume. |
| Ka'l | Debt Swap | n/a |
| Kadik | Tenant’s Improvements to Rental Property | n/a |
| Kafaf | Contentment | Literally: from kaff to refrain; so named because one refrains from asking people. |
| kafalah | Refer dhaman | |
| kafalah bi al-ayn | A guarantee to provide or deliver a tangible property which is the subject matter of a contract. Synonim; kafalah bi al-taslim | |
| kafalah bi al-darak | A guarantee for an object to be free from any claim. It is meant to ensure that the ownership of the object is free from any encumbrances in order to allow a transfer of the object. Should there is a claim, the guarantor will compensate for any loss incurred. | |
| kafalah bi al-dayn | A guarantee to settle a debt owed by a person. | |
| kafalah bi al-mal | Commercial or financial guarantee | |
| kafalah bi al-nafs | Guarantee for the presence of a person | |
| kafalah bi al-taslim | Refer kafalah bi al-'ayn | |
| Kafalat al-'ayn al-madmunah | Warrant of Guaranteed Material Property | n/a |
| Kafalat al-dayn | Debt Guaranty | Literally: kafalah means to stand surety. |
| Kambiyalah | Bill | Literally: derived from the Italian word meaning ‘substitute’. |
| Kasad | Depressed Market | Literally: decay; lack of a market. |
| Kasb | Earning | Literally: to gather and acquire. |
| Kasb khabith | Illicit Earning | Literally: khabith is the opposite of wholesome. |
| Khalit | Partner | Literally: a mixture of two or more things; a drink made by soaking dates and raisinsin water; a neighbor; a partner. A partner is called khalit because he mixes his wealthwith that of another. |
| Khasarah | Loss | Literally: diminishment or loss, as in loss of a business or a decline in capital or in an account balance. |
| Khilabah | Dupery | Literally: cheating. The Prophet (peace be upon him) instructed a man who was always being duped to say, “There should not be any attempt to deceive”. |
| Khiyanah | Breach of Trust | Literally: to not fulfill one’s word or covenant, in part or in whole. |
| Khiyanah & Ghish | Betrayal & Fraud | n/a |
| Khiyar | Option | Literally: khiyar (option) is the noun derived from ikhtiyar (the act of choosing); in this case, choosing whether to conclude the sale contract or cancel it. |
| Khiyar al-'ayb | Defect Option | Literally: 'ayb is a defect, any attribute that is not normally part of the goods. |
| Khiyar al-kashf | Discovery Option | Literally: kashf means to expose something that had been hidden or covered. |
| Khiyar al-majlis | The Option of Withdrawal before Parting | Literally: al-majlis is any place of sitting; what is meant here is the place where thecontract agreement is reached. |
| Khiyar al-naqd | Delayed-Price Payment' Option | Literally: naqd means give and take. |
| Khiyar al-ru'yah | Inspection Option | n/a |
| Khiyar al-shart | Conditional Option | Literally: shart refers to an obligation imposed or a commitment undertaken by means of a stipulation in a sale contract and the like. |
| Khiyar fawat al-wasf al-marghub | ‘Missing Quality' Option | n/a |
| Khulu | Vacancy | Literally: emptiness, as in an empty place. |
| Kira' | Rental | Literally: the rental fee, and the lease itself. |
| Layy | Debt Procrastrination | Literally: procrastination, postponement, holding back. |
| Luqatah | Lost and Found | Literally: something picked up from the ground. |
| Luzum al-'aqd | Binding Contract | Literally: luzum means stability and permanence. |
| Ma'din | Mine | Literally: originally, a place where people reside; also the place of origin or beginning of something. |
| Ma'dum | Nonexistent | Literally: to be missing. |
| Ma'juz al-taslim | Undeliverable | Literally: ‘ajaza: to be weak or incapable. |
| Ma'lum | Known | Literally: known. |
| Mabi' | The Subject Matter | n/a |
| madin mumatil | A debtor who procrastinates the settlement of his debt. | |
| Madmun bi ghayrihi | Guaranteed with something else | n/a |
| Madmun bi nafsihi | Guaranteed by Itself | n/a |
| mahal al-khilaf | Point of disagreement | |
| Mahall al-'aqd | The Subject matter of the Contract | Literally: mahall indicates the location or time of an act. |
| Mahdar | Record of Proceeding | Literally: attendance; also, a certificate. |
| Majhul | Unknown | Literally: jahl is the opposite of knowledge; and majhul is the opposite of known. |
| Mal | Wealth | Literally: anything a person possesses. |
| Mal istihlaki & Mal al-isti'mali | Consumable & utilitarian wealth | n/a |
| Mal, Mutamawwal & Mutaqawwim | Money, Financed item & Quatified value | n/a |
| Mala'ah | Solvency | Literally: mala’ah: wealth; mali’: wealthy. |
| Mamluk | Owned | n/a |
| Manfa'ah | Usufruct | Literally: benefit. |
| Manqul | Moveable | Literally: from naql: to move something from one place to another. |
| maqasid syar'iyyah | Objectives of Shariah of a legal rule which is meant to enjoin benefits for the mankind | |
| Mashaqqah | Hardship | Literally: strain, discomfort, adversity, inconvenience. |
| Mashghul | Occupied | Occupied |
| Maslahah | Benefit; Interest | Literally: derived from salah (goodness), the opposite of corruption and disorder. The plural is masalih. |
| Maslahah 'ammah | Public Interest | n/a |
| Maslahah khassah | Private Interest | n/a |
| Masrif | Bank | n/a |
| Matl | Procrastination | Literally: procrastination and resistance in paying a debt or fulfilling a promise. |
| Milk | Ownership | Literally: possession of something and the ability to dispose of it independently. |
| Milk ghayr mustaqirr | Ownership That Is Not Firmly Established | n/a |
| Milk mustaqirr | Firmly Established Ownership | n/a |
| Milk mutlaq | Absolute Ownership | n/a |
| Milk naqis | Incomplete Ownership | n/a |
| Milk tamm | Complete Ownership | n/a |
| Minhah | Loan of an Asset and Gift of Its Yield | Literally: gift. |
| Mithl | Equivalent | Literally: to treat equally, resemblance. |
| Mithli | Comparable | Literally: the relative adjective derived from mithl. |
| Mu'ajjir | Lessor | n/a |
| Mu'akarah | Sharecropping | Literally: Form III derivation of akara: to plow or till land. |
| Mu'atah | Nonverbal Sale | Literally: to hand over. |
| Mu'awadah | Compensation/Countervalue | Literally: Form III derivation of ‘iwad: compensation. |
| Mu'ayarah | Gauging | Literally: comparison and measure. |
| Mu'rid | Promiscuous Borrower | Literally: 1) one who approaches people for loans and takes from anyone willing to loan to him. 2) one who takes loans without bothering about paying them back or any other consequences. |
| muamalat maliyyah | Financial transactions | |
| Mubadalah | Swap | Literally: to expend something and take something in compensation for it. |
| Mubah | Neutrally Lawful | Literally: ibahah: to be spacious, to become manifest, to declare. |
| Mudarabah | Silent-Partnership Enterprise | Literally: Form III derivation of daraba; one of its meanings is to travel across the earth. |
| Mudd 'ujwah | Composite Barter of Ribawi Goods | Literally: a mudd is a volume measure equivalent to what fills a person’s two cupped hands held side by side. It is approximately equivalent to ¼ of a sa’ (2.75 liters), which would make a mudd about 0.7 liters. ‘Ujwah is a prized variety of dates. |
| mudharabah | A partnership in profit whereby one party provides capital (rabb al mal) and the other party provide labour (mudharib) | |
| mudharib | An entrepreneur | |
| Mufasalah | Clearance | Literally: to distinguish one thing from another. |
| Mugharasah | Tree-Cultivation Joint Enterprise | Literally: Form III derivation of gharasa: to plant. |
| Muhabah | Deference in a Transaction | Literally: muhabah:deference or partiality;hibwah: a gift. |
| Muhaqalah | Apportionment | Literally: muhaqalah is a Form III derivation of haql, which is a plant that begins to branch but whose main stalk has not yet thickened. Some said it is derived from haql, meaning a cultivated field. |
| Muhassah | Apportionment | Literally: hissah is a share or portion of food, drink, land, etc. The plural is hisas.The verb is used with reference to creditors of a bankrupt person when they divide hisproperty among themselves. |
| Muhassah & Muqasamah | Share out & Apportion | n/a |
| Muhaya'ah | Time- and Space-Sharing | Literally: agreement, mutual accommodation. |
| mujtahid | A person who conducts ijtihad | |
| Mukatabah | A Slave’s Purchase of His Freedom | Literally: from katb: to gather and compile. |
| Mukhabarah | A Kind of Sharecropping | Literally: from khabara; one of its meanings is to plough earth. |
| mulzim | Binding | |
| Mumakasah | Discounting | Literally: reduction. |
| Munabadhah | Sale by Tossing | Literally: Form III derivation of nabadha: to toss or throw. |
| Munahadah | Pooling Resources for the Common Good | Literally: Form III derivation of nahd: elevation. |
| Munajazah | Spot Sale | Literally: Completion of something immediately, without delay. |
| Munaqalah | Exchange of Property between Partners | Literally: from naqala: to move something from one place to another. |
| Munaqasah | Tender Process | n/a |
| Muqaddarat | Quantified/Estimated | Literally: derived from taqdir, determination of the quantity of a thing, its essential nature and end. |
| muqaradhah | Refer mudharabah | |
| muqasah | Settlement of debt by set off | |
| Muqasarah | Portion sale | Literally: to hold back or retain. |
| Muqassah | Offset | Literally: to equalize; also, to trace something. |
| Muqassah ikhtiyariyyah | Optional Offset | n/a |
| Muqassah jabariyyah | Automatic Offset | n/a |
| Muqata'ah | Rent Paid to a Waqf | Literally: to separate one thing from another. |
| Muqayadah | Barter | Literally: Form III derivation of qayd, a substitute. |
| muqrid | Creditor | |
| muqtada al 'aqd | Purpose of a contract | |
| Muqtada al-'aqd | Fundamental Effects of the Contract | n/a |
| Murabahah | Mark-up Sale | Literally: from ribh: increase |
| Murabahah, Wadi'ah & Tawliyah | Cost plus Profit, Resale with Loss & Resale at Cost Price | n/a |
| Muratalah | Trade of Coins for Coins | Literally: Form III derivation of ratl, which is a measure of weight. |
| Mursad | Construction-for-Rent Swap with a Waqf | Literally: irsad:preparation. |
| Musadarah | Expropriation | Literally: an insistent demand; expropriation of property by the government as punishment to the owner. |
| Musadarah & Ghasb | Confiscation & Usurpation | n/a |
| Musana'ah | Bribe | Literally: a bribe; to do something for someone so that he will do something for you. |
| Musaqah | Tending Fruit Trees for a Portion of the Yield | Literally: Form III derivation of saqy: to water or irrigate. |
| Musawamah | Negotiation | Literally: haggling between a buyer and seller to decide the price of a good. |
| Musha' | Undivided; Diffused | Literally: from shuyu’: to spread and become manifest; also anything jointly owned without any partition. |
| musharakah | An investment partnership in which all partners are entitled to a share in the profits of a project in a mutually agreed ratio. | |
| Musharakah mutanaqisah | Diminishing Partnership | n/a |
| Musta'jir | Lessee | n/a |
| Mustaghall | Income-Generating Property for Charities | Literally: ghallah is the income derived from a crop, fruit, milk, leasing, etc. |
| Mustawfin | Revenue Collector | Literally: from wafa, to be complete; Form IV, awfaa means to fulfil (an obligation) without any shortfall. Al-wafi is a homonym; it can be either the person who discharges an obligation or the person who takes his right. |
| Mutamawwal | Of Monetary Value | Literally: tamawwala means to take wealth. |
| Mutaqawwim | Having Islamically Recognized Value | Literally: qawwama is to straighten or rectify; when used with a commodity, it means to assess its value. |
| Mutawalli al-waqf | Custodian of an Endowment | n/a |
| Muwa'adah | Bilateral Promise | Literally: two persons make reciprocal promises to each other; a promise is a statement regarding an act a person will do in the future that is related to another person. |
| Muwasah | Beneficence | Literally: treatment and cure; also, giving another person a portion of one’s wealth. |
| Muwat'ah | agreement | Literally: agreement or conformance. |
| Muzabanah | Barter of Fresh Dates for Dry | Literally: Form III derivation of zabn: payment. |
| Muzara'ah | Sharecropping | Literally: zara’a originally meant ‘to grow’ but also refers to sowing of seeds. The Form III derivation means to engage in a sharecropping deal. |
| Muzayadah | Auction | Literally: Form III derivation of ziyadah: increase. Muzayadah is an auction. |
| Nadd | liquidation | Literally: to make manifest. |
| Nafadh al-'aqd | Contract Validity | Literally: nafadh means concluding something and being done with it. |
| Nafaqah | Maintenance | Literally: what a man spends on himself and his family. Its original meaning is “to take out”. |
| Najiz | Immediately Effective | Literally: from najaza: to pass away, expire; also: to be present. |
| Najsh | False Bidding | Literally: to conceal oneself; to incite. |
| Nama' | Growth | Literally: nama’: elevation and increase. tanmiyyah: to do things which promote growth of a thing or increase in its numbers. |
| Namudhaj | Sample | Literally: a small sample of a large amount; a model. |
| Naqs | Diminution | Literally: a diminished portion; the opposite of increase. |
| nas | A clear injunction on explicit textual ruling from Quran or the Sunnah | |
| Nasi'ah | Deferred | Literally: originally: to delay. |
| Naz' al-milkiyyah al-jabari | Acquisition of Property by Force | Literally: naza’a: to uproot or extract. jabr: force. |
| Nazahah | Right Livelihood | Literally: originally: great distance. |
| Nazarat al-awqaf | Waqf Supervision Board | Literally: nazara means to look. A related word is nazur: a guard. |
| Nazir al-waqf | Waqf Custodian | Literally: from nazara: to look at or contemplate. |
| Nisab | The Minimum Amount of Wealth on Which Zakah Is Due | Literally: The nisab of anything is its origin. |
| Qabalah | Debt recorder/debt Register | Literally: abidance, commitment, guarantee, and warrant. |
| Qabd | Possession | Literally: to take something, to own, to possess. |
| Qabul | Acceptance | Literally: to accept a report is to believe it; to accept a gift is to take it. |
| Qalb al-Dayn | Debt Modification | Literally: qalb means to turn something over. |
| Qalb al-rahn | Turning the Mortgage | n/a |
| Qard | Loan | n/a |
| Qard hasan | Interest-free Loan | n/a |
| Qard hukmi | Indirect Loan | n/a |
| qardh | Islamic loan | |
| Qayyim | Guardian | Literally: from “qama on something”, i.e. to preserve it and look after its interests. |
| Qimah | Value | n/a |
| Qimar | Gambling | Literally: Betting and wagering. |
| Qimi | Nonfungible | n/a |
| Qirad | Silent-Partner Enterprise | Literally: it is derived from qard, to cut. |
| Qismah | Distribution | Literally: to distribute or separate shares. |
| Qismat al-tafriq | Separation Distribution | n/a |
| qiyas | Analogical deduction | |
| Qur'ah | Drawing Lots | Literally: to make a choice by pulling straws, flipping a coin, tossing arrows, or the like. |
| Ra's al-mal | Capital | Literally:the Arabic word means the basic wealth of a person excluding other earnings.. Almighty Allah says: ﴿وَإِن تُبْتُمْ فَلَكُمْ رُؤُوسُ أَمْوَالِكُمْ﴾ Meaning: “But if ye turn back, ye shall have your capital sums” (2: 279). |
| Rabb al-mal | Wealth/Property Owner | Literally:the Rabb in Arabic means the owner of something. |
| Rahn & daman | Mortgage & Guarantee | n/a |
| Ratib | Salary | Literally:the Arabic word means to be stationary. |
| Rawaj | Circulation | Literally:the Arabic word means that something is widespread and much needed. |
| Ri' | Yield | Literally:th Arabic word means the indirect gain from any wealth. |
| Ri'ayah | Care | Literally: the Arabic word means to protect and take care of something. The one responsible for something is its guardian. The Messenger of Allah said:” Every one of you is a caretaker “. One of the objectives of Sharia is to secure the benefits and interests; in the disposal of the agent; in the guardian of the orphan’s property; the guardian of the endowment; and the worker in Mudaraba. |
| Riba | Usury | Literally: riba: addition, growth, elevation. Allah, the Exalted, said: وَتَرَى ا رْألَْضَ هَامِدَةً فَإِذَا أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْهَا ا اْملَء اهْتَزَّتْ وَرَبَتْ وَأَنبَتَتْ مِن كُلِّ زَوْجٍ يَهبِجٍ “You see the earth barren and lifeless, but when We pour down rain upon it, it is stirred [to life], it swells, and it puts forth every kind of beautiful growth in pairs” Surah alHajj (22):5. Anyone who transacts in usury (interest) is known as a murabi (usurer). |
| Riba & Hamish al-Murabahah | Usury & the Profit Margin | n/a |
| Riba al-buyu' | Usury in Sales | n/a |
| Riba al-fadl | Usurious Sales | n/a |
| Riba al-muzabanah | Usury of Barter | Literally: a Form III derivation of zabana: to push or pay; thus muzabanah would bemutual payment. |
| Riba al-naqd | Spot Riba | n/a |
| Riba al-nasa' | Usurious Loans | n/a |
| Riba al-nasi'ah/riba al-duyun | Interest on Debt | Literally: nasi’ah is derived from the verbal noun nasa’: delay. Therefore, riba al-nasi’ah is the stipulation of a premium paid to the lender in return for his allowing a delay in repayment. It is also known as al-riba al-jali (obvious usury). |
| Riba al-qurud | Usury of Loans | n/a |
| Ribh | Profit | The Arabic word means the benefit from trade. |
| Ribh & Ghallah | Profit & Returns | n/a |
| Ribh & Nama' | Profit & Increment | n/a |
| Ribh & Ri' | Profit & Yield | n/a |
| Ribh Ma lam yudman | Gain of non guaranteed | n/a |
| Rida | Consent | Literally: The Arabic word means to accept with free will and it is the opposite of discontent. |
| Rihan | Wager, bet | n/a |
| Rishwah | Bribery | Literally:The Arabic word refers to the means or assistance to achieve an aim. |
| Rishwah & Suht | Bribery & ill-gotten wealth | n/a |
| Rizq & 'Ata' | Ration & Gift | n/a |
| Ruqba | Donation under Expectation | Literally:The Arabic word means ‘to expect’; in the sense of ‘I except the arrival of someone’. |
| Ruqba & 'Umra | Life provision & Life Grants | n/a |
| Sabaq | Prize | Literally:the Arabic word means competition; and includes the prize given to the winner in a competition. |
| Sabi mumayyiz | Discriminating Minor | Literally: tamyiz: to distinguish between two or more things; mumayyiz: one who makes distinctions. |
| Sadaqah | Alms / Charity | The Arabic word means the charity given for the sake of Allah. |
| Sadaqah & Rishwah | Charity & Bribe | n/a |
| Sadaqah, Zakah & 'Atiyyah | Charities, Alms & Gift | n/a |
| Sadaqh Jariyah | Continuous/Durable Alms | n/a |
| Sadd al-dhara'i' | Blocking the Means | n/a |
| sadd zari'ah | Blocking the means to something forbidden in Shariah | |
| Safah | Poor Judgment | Literally: the Arabic word means a weakness of intellect and it is the opposite of‘discernment’, ‘prudence’ and ‘sound judgment’. |
| Safqah | Transaction | Literally: the Arabic word means to clap because the Arabs used to clasp hands when a contract is concluded between them. |
| Saftajah | Bill of Exchange | Literally: an Arabized Persian word meaning: sturdy or reinforced. |
| sahibul mal | Capital provider | |
| Sahih& Ijza' | Validity & Satisfaction | n/a |
| Sahm | Share | The Arabic word means a portion and a lot. |
| Sakk | Certificates | n/a |
| Salaf | loan | Literally: The Arabic word means something that goes before and finished.. Allah, the Exalted, said: ﴿كُلُوا وَا بْرشَُوا هَنِيئًا بِ أَسْلَفْتُمْ الأَيَّامِ ا اْخلَلِيَةِ﴾ “Eat and drink at ease for what you put forth in days gone by” Surah al-Haqqah (69):24. |
| Samsarah | Brokerage | Literally: an Arabized Persian word meaning: to intermediate between a seller and buyer. |
| Sarf | Money exchange | n/a |
| Sariqah | Theft | Literally:the Arabic word means to take way another’s property in secret. |
| Sawm | Bargain | n/a |
| Sayb | Buried Treasure | Literally:the Arabic word means a ‘gift and a donation’. |
| Sayrafah | Money changing or Exchange | Literally and Technically: skill in distinguishing real money from counterfeit (or in the days of metal coins, distinguishing coins of good quality from those of low quality). It also means a sale of money for money and the profession of moneychanging. |
| Sayrafiyy | Exchanger, money-changer, banker | Literally and Technically: a person who works in trading currencies and coins and is an expert in testing the validity of money. |
| Shakhsiyyah | Personality | n/a |
| Sharikah & Mudarabah | Partnership & Profit Sharing | n/a |
| Sharikah or shirkah | Partnership | Literally: it means something shared by two or more persons in a way that none of them individually owns any part of it. Each one of the partners is known as a sharik. |
| Shart | Condition | Literally: sign; its plurals are shurut and ashrat, as in ashrat al-sa’ah (signs of the Day of Judgment). |
| Shart ja'li | A Contracting Party’s Condition | n/a |
| Shart jaza'i | Punitive Condition | Literally: jaza’: recompense. |
| Shart shar'i | A Shari’ah Condition | n/a |
| Shartan fi bay' | Dual Conditions In One Sale Contract | Literally: shart refers to an obligation imposed or a commitment undertaken by a stipulation in a sale contract and the like. |
| Shatat | Excess | Both technically and lexically the Arabic word refers to farness and it means injustice and oppression. The Hadith says:” there should be neither diminution nor excess in price-fixing. |
| Shek & Kambiyalah | Check & Bill | n/a |
| Shirk | Share | n/a |
| Shirkah muqayyadah | Limited Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkah mutlaqah | Unrestricted Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkat al-'aqd | Contractual Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkat al-'ayn | Partnership in an Asset | n/a |
| Shirkat al-'inan | Cooperative Partnership | Literally: ‘inan is derived from ‘unun and mu’anah which mean appearance and exposure. It is so named because a partner involves himself with the other partner’s property and shares it with him. |
| Shirkat al-a'mal | Labour Partnership | Another name for sharikat al-abdan. |
| Shirkat al-abdan | Labour Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkat al-amwal | Investment Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkat al-dayn | Partnership in a Debt | n/a |
| Shirkat al-ibahah | Partnership in the Lawful | n/a |
| Shirkat al-jabr | Involuntary Co-ownership | n/a |
| Shirkat al-milk | Proprietary Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkat al-mufawadah | Equal-Share Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkat al-wujuh | Credit Partnership | Literally: a partnership of faces (reputations). |
| Shirkat ikhtiyariyyah | Voluntary Partnership | n/a |
| Shirkat jabriyyah | Involuntary Partnership | n/a |
| Shubhah | Doubtful Matter | Literally:the Arabic word means ‘something suspicious and unclear’ it is used to show confusion between two things. |
| Shuf'ah | Pre-emption | Literally:the Arabic word refers to even as the opposite of odd. |
| Si'ir | Price | n/a |
| Sighah | Formula | Literally: from sagha: to shape something in a particular form; sighah is the form into which the thing is shaped. |
| Sihhat al-'Aqd | Validity of the contract | n/a |
| Sijill | Register | Literally:the Arabic word means a copybook that can be written on. |
| Sil'ah | Commodity | Technically and lexically it means the commodities of trade, as opposed to money. |
| Silah | present | Literally:the Arabic word means to make ‘a link between two things’ and it is used to refer to a donation and gift that someone gives as a present. |
| Sina'ah | Industry | The Arabic word refers to handicraft. |
| Siyasah | Policy | Literally: to take care about something and organize its affair. |
| sorf | Contract of currency exchange | |
| Subrah | Heap | Literally:the Arabic word means a pile of something. |
| Suht | Ill-Gotten Property | Literally:the Arabic word means the peel of something that is pull out. In this sense the eradicating punishment is called so in Arabic as Almighty Allah said: ﴿فَيُسْحِتَكُمْ بِعَذَابٍ﴾ Meaning: “Lest He destroy you (at once)” (20: 61). |
| sukuk | Financial documents whose value is backed by certain assets. | |
| Sukuk Al-Muqaradah | Certificate of Mudaraba | n/a |
| Sulh | Reconciliation | The Arabic word means reconciliation between people and to remove any alienation between them. |
| Suqut | Cancel | The Arabic word means ‘to fall from high’. |
| Suriyyah | Simulated | Literally: derived from surah: an image, a representation of something. sawwara: to depict. to present an act in a certain form while concealing something else that is the actual ojective; for example, two parties going through the motions of a sale and concealing the fact that they don’t really want to transfer ownership; they only appear to do so to avoid the harm that has forced them to resort to this pretext. |
| syart jaza'i | Penalty clause | |
| Ta'addi | Transgression | Literally: to transgress limits that should be observed; the related term ‘udwan combines connotations of injustice, aggression and transgression. Allah, the Exalted, said: ﴿إِذْ يَعْدُونَ السَّبْتِ﴾ “…when they transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath” Surah al-A’raf (7):163. It also means to pass from one thing to another. |
| Ta'dil | Amendment | Literally: ta’dil has two meanings: 1) to adjust something so that it becomes as it should be; 2) to testify that someone is honest. |
| Ta'mim | Nationalization | n/a |
| Ta'min | Insurance | Literally: Form II derivation of amina: to feel secure; ta'min: to make someone elsefeel secure or to ensure something's security in fact. |
| Ta'wid | Compensation | (Literally: to substitute one thing for another. Each of the items is called ‘iwad (a’wad |
| Ta'wid & Daman | Compensation/Indemnity & Guarantee | n/a |
| ta'widh | Compensation charged to a debtor for late payment | |
| Ta'zir mali | Discretionary Financial Punishment | ta’zir: to prevent and repel. It is used for chastisement and hitting because they stop a transgressor from repeating the offense. |
| tabadul al-huquq | Exchange of rights | |
| Tabarru' | Voluntary Donation | Literally: a voluntary act; a gift which is not preceded by a request. |
| tabarru'at | Donation | |
| Tabi' | Ancillary | Literally: following; succeeding. |
| tabiat al-'aqd | Nature of contract | |
| Tadlis | Fraud | Literally: from dalas: darkness and concealment; tadlis: to conceal a defect; e.g., in a sale it means concealing the defect of the commodity from the buyer. |
| Tadlis & Ghish | Fraud & Deception | n/a |
| Tadlis & Khilabah | Fraud & Cajole | n/a |
| Tadlis and Taghrir | Fraud and Misrepresentation | n/a |
| Tafarruq | Separation | Literally: and Technically: distinction of one thing from another. The Qur’an is called al-Furqan because it distinguishes between truth and falsehood. In the hadith of the Prophet (peace be upon him), “A combined herd should not be separated, nor should separate herds be gathered for fear of zakah.” Jurists also focused their attention on separation from a contract session, based on the hadith of the Prophet (peace be upon him), “A buyer and seller have the option [to cancel the sale] as long as they have not yet separated.” Some jurists consider it to mean physically separating, whereas others say it is verbal separation, i.e., by changing the topic of discussion after having reached agreement. |
| Tafarruq al-safqah | Composite Transaction | Literally: from safqah to slap; it is customary for the buyer and seller to shake hands to indicate that they have sealed a transaction. |
| Taflis | Judgment of Bankruptcy | Literally: an announcement by a judge or ruler that someone is bankrupt. |
| Tafrit | Negligence | Literally: to fail to do what ought to be done. |
| Taghrim | Fining | Literally: to cause someone to be liable (gharim) and fined. Ghurm is a something that adheres to someone till he discharges it, so it is used to refer to a debt. A debtor is called a gharim, while a creditor is called a gharim. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Verily, begging is not suitable except for three kinds of people; for an extremely poor person or an insolvent debtor or one who owes bloodmoney.” |
| Taghrir | Deceive | Literally: to trick and mislead in order to harm or expose to risk. |
| Taghyir | Alteration | Literally: to transform something from one state to another. |
| Taghyir, Tabdil & Ibdal | Change, Alteration & Substitution | n/a |
| Tahass | Apportionment | Literally: from hissah: share; portion. Ahassa: to allot someone his share; hassa:to share something with someone. Tahassa has a similar meaning, but it has more than one subject, and they do the action to each other; it can be used to describe creditors dividing the assets of a bankrupt debtor so that each one takes a portion of them. |
| Tahkim | Arbitration | Literally: to delegate someone to arbitrate. The arbitrator is called a hakam, and onewho seeks his judgment is called a muhtakim. |
| Takaful | Mutual Cooperation | Literally: Form VI derivation of kafala: to take responsibility to care for someone and provide for him, as in guardianship of an orphan. In the Glorious Qur’an: ﴿وَكَفَّلَهَا زَكَرِيَّا﴾ [“So her Lord accepted her with good acceptance and caused her to grow in a good manner] and made Zachariah her guardian” Surah Al ‘Imran (3):37. |
| Takharuj | Waiver | Literally: derived from akhraja: to take out or put out. Form VI, takharaja, involvestwo or more subjects. Among its meanings is that a group of people all contribute thesame amount of money for their collective expenditure. |
| Takharuj & Sulh | Waiver & Reconciliation | n/a |
| Takhliyah | To Vacate | Literally: to release and allow. |
| Takhliyah & Qabd | Relinquish and Hold | n/a |
| Takhliyah & Taslim | Relinquish and Delivery | n/a |
| Takhyir & 'Adam al-luzum | Option of cancellation & Revocability | n/a |
| Takhyir fi al-'Aqd & Iqalah | Option of Revocation & Rescind | n/a |
| Takhzin | Storage | Literally: khazn and takhzin both mean to store something and take care of it. A khazanah is a warehouse or depository. A khazzan is someone with much to store, or a treasurer. |
| taklik | Being contingent to a matter | |
| takwil | Interpretation | |
| takyif | Adaptation | |
| Talaqqi al-rukban | Meeting Caravans before They Reach the Market | Literally: talaqqi: to receive; to encounter and meet by chance; rukban: a group of riders. |
| Talji'ah | Compulsion | Literally: to force someone to do something. |
| Tamlik | Alienation | Literally: to transfer ownership to someone else. |
| Tamlik & Isqat | Alienation of Property & Extinction of Right | n/a |
| Tamlik Intifa' & Tamlik Manfa' | TAMLIK INTIFA' & TAMLIK MANFA' | n/a |
| Tamlik Intifa' & Tamlik Manfa' | Transfer of the Use of Usufruct & Alienation of the Usufruct | n/a |
| Tandid | Liquidation | Literally: to convert tangible assets into cash. Dinars and dirhams are called nadd (cash), as opposed to goods. |
| Tanjiz | Implementation | Literally: to terminate something and complete it without delay. It is said that someone carries out someone else’s need (najjaza hajatahu); i.e., immediately. Najiz refers to something that is present. |
| Tanjiz & Fawr | Accomplishment & Immediate | n/a |
| Taqabbul | Acceptance | Literally: agreement to take something as a reward. |
| Taqadum | Time lapse | Literally: to become old. |
| Taqdir al-Amwal | Estimation | Literally: taqdir: to determine something’s essence and its value, for instance, a judge sets the amount of compensation or a guarantee or a donation at one thousand dinars. In a hadith, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said about the month, “Calculate it,” i.e., in case the moon cannot be seen, then the month should be considered to be thirty-days long. |
| Taqsit | Installment Payment | Literally: from qist: a determined and delimited share (pl. aqsat). taqsit: to turn something into determined shares. |
| Taqyidat | Restrictive Contracts | n/a |
| Tarakh | Postponement | Literally: to delay and procrastinate; also: when something takes a long time. |
| Tarikah | Diseased property | Literally: what is left from something; a more specific meaning is the wealth left by a dead person. |
| Tas'ir | Pricefixing | Literally: from si’r: price; tas’ir: to set the due price for a commodity. |
| Tasarruf | Disposal | Literally: to use something in various ways. |
| Tasarruf, Iltizam & 'Aqd | Disposition, obligation & contract | n/a |
| Tashih | Correction | Literally: derived from sihhah: health, to be free of disease and defects; tashih: to get rid of a disease or defect. |
| Taslim | Delivery | Literally: taslim has many meaning, among them: delivery, to turn something over to someone, as in delivery of a commodity. |
| Tasriyah | Leaving an Animal Unmilked before Selling It | Literally: to gather. It is used for water when its flow is blocked so that it pools and for milk left to gather in the udder. |
| Tataruh al-Daynayn | Mutual Release of Debts | Literally: from taraha: to throw something or cast it away. Form VI makes the act mutual between two subjects. |
| Tawarruq | Monetization | Literally: from wariq: silver; also dirhams, which are coined from silver. Awraqa: to become rich. |
| Tawarruq & Bay' al-'inah | Monetisation & Buy-Back Agreement | n/a |
| tawatu | Pre-planned | |
| Tawliyah | Resale at Cost | Literally: to appoint someone to a position of authority and responsibility regarding some matter. |
| Tawriq | Securitization | n/a |
| Tawthiq | Registration of transactions | Literally: Form II, from thiqqah: trust and assurance; a mithaq is a firm covenant. Tawthiq of any matter is to thoroughly secure it until one is assured about it; a wathiqah is a document in which a matter is registered (pl.: watha’iq); muwathiq: a notary. |
| Tawthiq & Tasjil | Documentation & Registration | n/a |
| Tawzi' | Distribution | Literally: to divide and share; e.g., to distribute money to poor people means dividing it between them. |
| thabit | Firm or decisive | |
| Thaman | Price | Literally: the counter-value or compensation ('iwad) the seller takes for his commodity. The plural is athman. |
| Thaman al-mithl | Reasonable Price | n/a |
| Thaman musamma | Stipulated Price | n/a |
| Thaman, Si'r & Qimah | Price, Rate & Value | n/a |
| Tibr | Raw Gold/Silver | Literally: a term used for unsmelted gold or silver; it is also applied to all raw jewels before molding. A hadith states: “Gold for gold, whether raw or ready money, and silver for silver, whether raw or ready money.” |
| Tibr & Dhahab | Raw Gold & Gold | n/a |
| Tijarah | Commerce | Literally: mutual exchange, i.e., to give something as compensation for something else, e.g., a sale. |
| Udhr | Excuse | Literally: ‘udhr is the justification used as an excuse. |
| Uhdah | Trusteeship | Literally: it has several meanings: obligation, commitment, a covenant, an oath used to cement an undertaking between two parties, a security and guarantee. |
| ujrah | Service fee | |
| Umalah | Wage | Literally: ‘amal is work, vocation, and action and includes acts of the heart as well as those of the limbs. |
| Umulah | Commission | n/a |
| Umum al-balwa | General Tribulation | Literally: ‘umum is comprehensiveness; balwa (tribulation) is derived from ibtila’, a test or trial. |
| Uqud al-idh'an | Adhesion Contracts | Literally: idh’an means submission. |
| Uqud al-irfaq | Contracts of benefiting | Literally: irfaq: to benefit someone. |
| Uqud al-tamlikat | Possession-Transfer Contracts | n/a |
| Urbun | Down Payment | Literally: to pay in advance, to offer, and an advance payment that secures a sale. |
| Urf | Custom | Literally: ma’ruf means benevolence. |
| wa'd | Promise | |
| Wa'd | Promise | Literally: informing someone that some good or harm will be done to them; it is usually used for a promise of good, while wa’id (warning) is used for a threat to inflict harm. |
| wa'd ghayr mulzim | Non-binding promise | |
| wa'd mulzim | Binding promise | |
| Wa'yun | Implicit Promise | Literally: promise. |
| Wad' | To Remove or Lay Down | Literally: to remove, lay down, throw down; also used for childbirth; wad’ al-dayn: to absolve someone of a debt; wad’ al-yad: literally: to lay one’s hand on; i.e., to seize or take possession of. |
| Wad' al-jawa'ih | Contract Waiver Due to Calamity | Literally: jawa’ih is the plural of ja’ihah: a calamity that destroys wealth; e.g., a drought or strife. Derived from jawh, to uproot. |
| Wadi'ah | Sale at a Loss | Literally: loss. |
| Wadi'ah (2) | Bailment | Literally: from wada’a: to leave something; awda’ahu malan means to leave property with someone so that it will be with him. |
| wadiah | A safe keeping contract which is based on trust | |
| wadiah yad dhamanah | A guaranteed safe keeping contract | |
| Wafa' | Fulfilment | Literally: completion; to fulfil one’s pledge; to adhere to a path of beneficence and safeguarding pledges to partners. |
| Waqf | Endowment | Literally: to retain or hold back. |
| Waqf al-'awarid | Contingent Endowment | Literally: ‘awarid are emergencies or unexpected events. |
| Waqf al-sabil | Public Endowment | n/a |
| Waqfiyyah | List of Endowments | n/a |
| Waqi'ah | New Issue | Literally: from waqa’a: to fall; a waqi’ah is a new event that befalls. |
| Wasf | Attribute | Literally: attribute. |
| Wasi | Executor and Guardian | Literally: related to wasiyyah: which originally means to link one thing with another. A wasi is one who is requested, entrusted or ordered to take care of something. |
| Wasiyyah | Will or Bequest | Literally: wasiyyah: to link one thing with another; to instruct or advise; a promise taken from someone to do something on behalf of the principal during his life or after his death; to assign wealth to another. |
| Wathiqah | Debt Security | Literally: skilled and competent performance; permanence. |
| Wazi'fah | Task | Literally: an amount of wage or food or provision for a certain period of time. |
| Wilayah | Guardianship | Literally: to care for something or have authority over it; also, to aid and support. |
| Wisr | Register of Transactions | Literally: a written record of a sale; derived from isr: a pledge; the record of sale is derived from it because it contains a connotation of pledging. Some said: the pledges that the buyer and seller stipulate and take from each other. Some said: The book in which a king records land grants. |
| Yad al-amanah | Entrustment | Literally: the entrusted hand. |
| Yad al-daman | A Position of Liability | Literally: the entrusted hand. |
| Yasar | Ease | Literally: Comfort and wealth. |
| Yasir | Paltry | Literally: easy; also paltry, small in quantity. |
| Zakah | Compulsory Alms | Literally:the Arabic word means increase and enhancement/augmentation. |
| Ziyadah | Increase, augmentation | The Arabic word means to increase and to add something. |
Source: ISRA Compendium 2010
